Diachronic Atoms

Diachronic means developing or changing over time. The classical example is language. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote, “I trowe a thritty wynter he was oold.” We would say, “I believe he was thirty years old.” Diachronic statements often introduce identity problems. Is it legitimate to identify Chaucer’s language as English or should we call it Old English?

Do atoms change diachronically, change over time, change as they age? First we should test whether atoms persist. Spectra from local hydrogen show patterns of spaced lines similar to the patterns we see in the spectra of long ago galaxies. Evidently many hydrogen atoms do persist.

Persistence and identity are not the same. English has persisted, but it is not identical with the language of 600 years ago. If atoms change with age, then hydrogen would only be identical with hydrogen in a similar state at one location and time. Obviously we cannot take an ancient hydrogen sample into a lab for comparison with a modern sample. Several tests are available, each of which can use distant (A) tests and local (B) clues.
1. Did ancient matter shine with the same frequencies as modern matter?
2. Did ancient matter take up the same space as local matter?
3. Did ancient matter move like modern matter moves?

(1A). Although we observe similar spectral patterns in the light from ancient stars, it is always shifted by some ratio to what we observe in local stars. The dimmest, most-distant galaxies usually shine with the longest wavelengths, slowest frequencies, compared to local matter. The most-distant spectra analyzed to date, clocks about 1/10th the frequencies emitted by local atoms.

(1B). Forty years ago, NASA sent two spin-stabilized spacecraft, Pioneer 10 and 11, in opposite directions out of the solar system. The farther from the past they transmitted, the slower their clock signals became, relative to NASA’s hydrogen maser clocks of the moment. The ratio of frequency change with distance was similar to the Hubble ratio astronomers use to estimate a galaxy’s distance using its observed light frequencies. Evidently atomic oscillators (clocks) are accelerating as matter ages.

(2A). At many ranges we observe pulsed streams of matter shooting out from galactic point sources. The matter in the jets does not bend from gravity until it gets far from the source. Many early galaxies were naked dwarfs. At closer ranges we observe strings of equally spaced globs around the core of the galaxy. The core usually has a different  color than the emerging arms. When we compare innumerable spiral galaxies at many ranges, we observe how they intrinsically grew from tiny globs glowing with low frequency light into huge, local, growth spirals glowing with high frequency light.

(2B). Earth’s ocean floors are made of dense, young basalt while the continents are made of older, lighter granite. The continents only fit together on a tiny globe, without major seas. A global, volcanic expansion seam continues to spread out new sea floors. The oldest seafloor is near the continents and the youngest alongside the expansion seam. The theory of subduction is clearly denied by the layered, undisturbed sediments in the subduction zones. If one graphically removes the volcanic lunar mare, the highlands fit together on a much smaller moon. The same is true for Mars. These suggest that ancient matter had lower amounts of space within its atoms. We know that the light emitted by atoms increases in frequencies as heat causes them to increase in size. Higher frequency light and a growing Earth suggests that atoms change size as they age, but evidently not all at the same rate.

(3A). When we compare galactic shapes at different ranges, we observe that streams of stars came out, accelerated out, spread out from earlier, compact galactic cores. We also observe many small spirals clustered around giant elliptical galaxies, often with trails of gas in their wake. We observe small galaxies around the Milky Way that are linked to us by rivers of neutral hydrogen. Evidently galaxies intrinsically grew, the stars coming out and spreading out. This could only happen if the properties of matter are emerging.

(3B). Ancient people recorded close planets passages and a planet shattering close to Earth. We find shattered planet pieces (comets and asteroids) orbiting the Sun. Some of their rocks formed in warm, liquid water (cubanite) and others (olivine) developed under volcanic conditions. Astronomers over the last 2300 years have continued to measure, with angles, a decreasing solar parallax as though the entire solar system continued to expand. Even in the last 50 years, the optical parallax to the Sun and planets has continued to decrease while the clock-measured orbits seem to remain fixed.


Evidently matter’s clocks change frequency as it expands and its inertial properties also change relationally. Relational changes are orderly and connected. Science was founded on the contrary assumption - that the essence of matter is fixed. Scientists contrived their physics definitions, measuring units and mathematical laws based on their assumption that the properties of matter are NOT continually emerging.  A growing Earth and intrinsically growing galaxies are clearly a violation of this assumption. This is why scientists are forced to invent things like a big bang, invisible matter, black holes, stars forming by accretion, vacuums that stretch light, vacuums that stretch themselves while pushing galaxies away  and undetectable subduction. They do so because they were trained to think with a single assumption, that the properties of matter are fixed, not emerging.

We see a universe that is enslaved to change (Greek phthora - Romans 8:19 - 22). We observe how billions of galaxies grew from formless beginnings as matter keeps changing as a relation with light. In the last days, 2 Peter 3:3 - 6 predicts, mockers will come obfuscating the age of the plural heavens and Earth’s watery past with their notion that all things remain the same. Visibly, the properties of matter are emerging everywhere in the universe. Carefully examine the basic assumption upon which western science was constructed, the notion that matter is not changing itself as it ages.


This age of the sea floor map is from Elliot Lim and Jesse Varner from the University of Colorado using data from NOAA. At one point the only ocean on Earth was in the Eastern Mediterranean (deep purple color).  In this map, purple is the oldest, with progressively younger blue, green, yellow, orange and red seafloor. During the era when only the Eastern Mediterranean existed, the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans had not yet begun to form. The Bible states that the Earth spreads out in unbroken continuity and this happens above the waters.

Aquinas was Wrong

Deists and atheists often claim evidence for their contradictory positions. A deist might argue that the universe’s order is statistically improbable without a Creator. The atheist can counter that you cannot assign a probability to countless possible scenarios. Perhaps there were trillions of big bangs that did not produce order and consequently failed. Our universe was just lucky!

Philosophers rely on elementary assumptions to support their arguments, whether they are theists or atheists. Aquinas was a deistic philosopher. He added the concepts of being and essence to Aristotle’s system and used philosophical arguments in support of the Bible. Today, the notion that substances have a changeless, composite essence is the first principle of science. Scientists define the fundamentals of physics and ways to mathematically calculate them with their notion that substances have an intrinsically fixed essence. Yet the light from billions of ancient galaxies clocks tiny ratios of the frequencies emitted by modern matter. An empiricist could argue that we continue to calculate fixed constants, therefore, the essence of substance is changeless. However, they used Aquinas’ metaphysics to contrive their philosophical system. Equilibrium constants are commonly found in things that change relationally. If matter were changing relationally, both sides of a scale could change equally and it would remain in balance.

How can we test for the Biblical Creator without depending on philosophical reasoning? Examine the evidence promoted in the Bible! The plural heavens (shamayim) continue to tell of God’s glory and the spreading place (raqiya) declares the work of His hands. Days continue to speak and nights continue to declare knowledge. There is no speech nor word, yet their voice is heard (Psalm 19). Indeed, the light from long ago reveals how the universe was formed visually. Galactic history is the only history that is visible as it happened.

According to the Bible, Elohim completed the creation of the plural heavens and earth first. Yet the earth was without form until He continued to command light to continue to be. We notice that light dithers around in all matter giving it form and other properties. We see the light from primordial galaxies and notice that it shines at tiny fractions of the frequencies of modern matter. The vacuum of space-time spread the light, according to modern philosopher-scientists. Wait! Primordial galaxies are often naked dwarfs, without starry appendages. Indeed, we observe strings of equally space blue globs around the redder cores of many primordial galaxies. We observe at different ranges how the globs spread out, rotate out, accelerate out, taking up more space as countless galaxies grew into huge, dusty, local growth-spirals.

According to the Bible, Elohim continued to form the Sun, Moon and stars, continuing to place them in the spreading place half way through the creation week. According to the Hebrew of Genesis 2, the finishing of the heavens and earth are incomplete.HE spreads out the plural heavens in unbroken continuity, calling the stars to come out and none go missing.

Scientists cannot accept the visible creation because what is visible is a violation of their basic assumption that the essence of substance is changeless. Some creation scientists claim God created the universe with light in situ. Did God deceive us by placing images of gamma ray bursts that had not yet occurred in the stream of light? Secular scientists have also filled the universe with nonsense to protect their faith that matter is not changing itself relationally. They claim that four-times as much invisible matter exists as the natural kind. According to scientists, the vacuum of space-time (something never detected in any lab) stretches space, alters light frequencies and pushes galaxies away from each other. Pure vacuums even pull energy out of the vacuum to stretch themselves. Scientific myths about beginnings violate the visible record and rely almost entirely on undetectable magic.They do so because they are based on a first principle, that the essence of substance is changeless.

How can we be sure that Aquinas was wrong, that a changeless essence does not exist?  We should be able to detect the effects of matter taking on form, changing relationally, locally. Indeed, earth’s continents only fit together on a tiny globe without major seas. A global expansion seam keeps on forming new sea floor. The oldest seafloor in near the continents and the youngest is alongside the expansion seam. The theory of subduction is clearly denied by the layered, undisturbed sediments in the “subduction trenches.” The Bible states three times that the earth spreads out in unbroken continuity.

But says the scientist, we repeatedly measure unchanging atoms. Most scientific measuring units are scaled from the primary scientific unit, a second of time. Scientific empiricism depends on the notion that atoms are immutable and dither with perpetual motion. Forty years ago, we sent two spin-stabilized spacecraft in opposite directions out of the solar system, Pioneer 10 and 11. Their clock signals, transmitted from the past, continued to slow, relative to NASA’s hydrogen maser clocks-of-the-moment and the differences correlated with distance. The ratio of clock differences to distance fit the Hubble ratio astronomers use to estimate the distance to a galaxy using the frequency of its light. This suggests that all atomic clocks accelerate relationally.  

The visible history of how galaxies grew from tiny naked globs of tohu wa bohu substance to great dusty growth spirals clearly shows that Aquinas was wrong. There is no unchanging essence anywhere. In billions of galaxies at many ranges we observe how the atomic clocks kept on accelerating as the stars came out, spread out, growing from point sources. Every law of physics and almost all scientific measuring units are denied by the visible history of the universe.

Man cannot find God through science, yet He reveals Himself simply in the things He made. He will utterly triumph over western science for His great glory. Lift up your eyes and look and you can see how he vanquishes science without any deception or contradiction with His word.


The photo is from NASA's Hubble Ultra Deep Field and shows two primordial galaxies in the process of ejecting star streams. 

Eta Carinae

Ephesians 5:13 “But all things when they are reproved are made manifest by the light: for everything that is made manifest is light (ERV).” The Greek text states that light continues to show faults by continuing to reveal the truth. The text does NOT merely state that “things that are exposed to light are revealed.” Light reveals the truth and exposes error because everything IS light (phos estin). According to Genesis, the Earth was without form when God first created the plural heavens (evidently the galaxies). When Elohim continued to command light to continue to be, the Earth began to have extension in space. Indeed, experiments show that light dithers around within all substances and is associated with their various properties. Light reveals the truth and refutes errors because physical reality really is light.
A scientist might counter, matter is made of particles that are localized in one place at one time. Experiments with individual things shot at a beam splitter show detection at one sensor or the other, but not both at the same time. Therefore, matter and light are made of discrete bits of stuff.

Wait! All minuscule bits of matter can also show a diffraction pattern as though they were interwoven with their surroundings, a wave of some kind. Scientists can calculate the momentum of an electron under certain conditions. In other experiments they can calculate its wavelength.

The skeptic responds: quantum mathematics predicts the probability of finding a particle at some point. Therefore, the wave patterns are just the probability of finding a particle at some point.

Wait! Despite decades of high energy experiments, scientists have not detected a scalar “particle,” one that cannot be further divided into light-like events. When scientists smash protons or electrons, various forms of light stream out. In some experiments, colliding energetic beams of light can produce electrons. Quantum Bell experiments are evidence that matter is relational, neither particle-like nor wavelike. Experimenters can send identical electrons off in different directions. When they preform some operation on one electron that affects its “spin,” this statistically affects the “spin” of its distant twin. Non local connections are evidence that matter is a relation with light, as one would expect from the text of Genesis.

We observe relational things everywhere in nature that display dual natures and non locality. We cannot measure the relations. We can only catalog them with observations and statistics. A brazil nut tree needs an insect strong enough to lift the hood of its flower and a tongue long enough to reach the nectar. Female orchid bees and the brazil nut flower each have a physiology that works, providing food for the bee and pollination for the flower. The male orchid bee depends on forest orchids in his courtship. Without orchids, orchid bees could not pollinate the brazil nut flower. Without the strong teeth of the Agouti rodent, the brazil nuts could not be extracted from their rock-hard capsule to germinate. Complex non local relations connect many life forms. In a similar manner, holistic atoms are evidence that matter is a relation with light. Light reveals the truth because everything in the physical universe really is light.

How does light confound errors and reveal truth? The Bible states knowledge is available to all in the plural heavens (shamayim) and in the spreading place (raqiya) - Psalm 19. The only history that we observe as it happened long ago is galactic history.

1. We observe that all ancient galaxies, which we see as they existed long ago, shine at tiny fractions of the light frequencies of modern atoms. We also observe that many ancient galaxies were compact and naked, without starry appendages. At closer ranges, we observe strings of equally spaced globs around many primordial cores. Evidently galaxies intrinsically grew into local growth spirals as the properties of matter changed relationally. The Bible states that the creation is enslaved to change that is orderly, together, yet degenerative: Romans 8:19 - 22. 

2. We observe point sources in many local galaxies with bidirectional jets moving outwards as matter takes up more volume, spreading outward. We find rivers of hydrogen connecting the Magellanic galaxies to the Milky Way. Evidently they were ejected from formless matter at in the core of our galaxy. Atomic clocks, the space matter takes up and countless star streams accelerated outwards, changing relationally, throughout cosmic history as billions of galaxies intrinsically grew into huge growth spirals. All parts of the light spectrum support biblical creation and biblical cosmic history.

3. We also observe that matter increases in volume locally. Three times the Bible states that the earth spreads out in unbroken continuity. The continents only fit together on a tiny globe, without major seas. A global expansion seam passes through every sea and the ocean floors are younger than the continents. The theory of subduction is clearly false, since the subduction zones have layered, undisturbed sediments. Evidently the Earth has continued to grow in size, as formless matter continues to take form as a relation with light. The finishing of the plural heavens and the earth is are incomplete actions in the Hebrew text of the creation account.

4. Eta Carinae is an example of how matter continues to take form, spreading out, as a relation with light. The biblical creator continues to place the Sun, Moon and stars in the spreading place, raqiya, according to Genesis. He spreads out the plural heavens and calls the stars to come out in unbroken continuity, yet none go missing, according to Isaiah. He spreads dense things into clouds in the sky (Job 37:18). From 1837 to 1858, Eta Carinae brightened until it became the second brightest star in our sky. We observe huge bidirectional lobes emerging from the star. Astronomers can use reflections of star eruptions to measure their distance, using the duration of modern years as a yard stick. The reflections from one of the past Eta Carinae events are brightening surrounding clouds in the nebula. Astronomers explain that the reflection spectra is too cold to fit their theories that the star explodes by attracting dust from a companion.  The picture from NASA shows this reflection brightening.

The Bible predicted that in the last days mockers will obfuscate the age (the history) of the plural heavens with their idea that all things remain the same (2 Peter 3:3 - 6). Western science was founded upon that idea: that the properties of matter are fixed, not emerging relationally. Scientific definitions, measuring units and mathematical methods were contrived with the notion that ancient atoms were identical with modern ones. Scientists have filled the universe with invisible matter and vacuums that change the frequencies of passing light to protect their assumption that atoms are immutable and dither with perpetual motion. How great will be the triumph of the word of God over Western science.

Shamayim

NGC 1073 is a face-on, barred spiral said to be 55 million light-years in the distance. Astronomers think this galaxy resembles the Milky Way, if we could see it from the outside. Streams of blue star clumps stream out from around the reddish bar, especially around the ends. The arms bifurcate, splitting at several major Y junctions to multiply the number of spiral arms. Only about 20% of the most distant (earliest) spiral galaxies have bars but two thirds of nearby spirals are barred. This suggests that bars form as spiral galaxy form.

Scientific stories of how galaxies formed begin with a tiny bit of vacuum that exploded more than 13 billion years ago forming a cloud of pre-atomic soup. They speculate that after a few hundred thousand years, the cloud cooled enough for atoms to form. Allegedly those primordial atoms were identical to modern atoms. First generation stars supposedly condensed gravitationally from the diffuse cloud. These stars rapidly burned their hydrogen and exploded, scattering heavy elements. The blue clumps in the arms of spiral galaxies are said to be star nurseries where modern stars are condensing from the clouds formed by earlier explosions. How do scientists explain the existence of spiral arms? They claim a gravitationally powerful, invisible, black hole causes the stars to orbit around it. The clumps are lined up because density waves push the stars into lanes as they orbit in the opposite direction to the sweep of the arms.

The biblical account of creation is remarkably different. According to the Bible, Elohim completed creating the shamayim and the earth (erets) first. Shamayim is a plural word for skies, in this context it refers to the galaxies. Modern translations leave out a word in Genesis 1:1, the first and last letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Like alpha-omega, it means everything. Elohim finished creating everything in the plural galaxies and the earth first. However, at that stage the Earth was formless and empty, not extended in space. Then Elohim continued to command light to continue to be. Evidently that is when formless matter began to have extension in space. Indeed, the properties of matter are related to light that dithers around within atoms, giving them their ability to take up space.

The stars were formed half way through the creation week. Elohim continued to command lights to continue to form in the spreading place in the plural heavens. The Hebrew word for spreading place is raqiya, the noun form of the verb to spread out (raqa). He continued to form the Sun, Moon and stars and continued to place them in the spreading place, raqiya, according to Genesis 1:14 - 19. Isaiah 44:22 tells us that God actively spreads out the plural heavens and the Earth in unbroken continuity. In Isaiah 40:26 He continues to call the stars to come out and none are missing.

The sequence of creation and biblical cosmic history, are visible. We observe that the earliest galaxies were often dwarfs, without starry arms. The blue clumps in the arms are not orbiting in the opposite direction of the sweep of the arms, as scientists claim. We observe at many ranges and examples how the stars came out, moved out, spread out, followed each other out in lanes as billions of galaxies grew into huge growth spirals. We observe that the earliest galaxies shone at tiny fractions of the frequencies emitted by modern atoms. The stars in the arms of spiral galaxies often shine with different colors than the core of the galaxy. Evidently the star streams accelerated concurrently with the accelerating atomic clocks. What could cause galaxies to grow from the insides outward? All matter in the universe is changing in an orderly, together (relational) manner as recorded in the Greek verbs of Romans 8:19 - 22.

Biblical creation is unlike scientific galactic stories. Scientists admit that their universe is almost 99% invisible. They speculate mathematically that four times as much invisible matter exists as the visible variety. They make up ad hoc stories about invisible holes, vacuums that stretch light and vacuums that pull energy out of the vacuum to stretch the vacuum of space, thus pushing galaxies away from each other. All these stories were contrived to protect the creed of all scientists. Scientists believe that atoms yesterday were identical to those from today.

Two photos are combined in the above picture, both are courtesy of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The multi-armed spiral is NGC 1073, whose light shines at 99.6 % of the frequencies of modern atoms. Why do the arms bifurcate at specific points? NGC 1073 has four quasars (IXO 5, J024333.6+012222, QSO B0240+011, and VV96PKS 0241+011) near the Y junctions in the arms. They shine at much lower frequencies that the stars in the arms. Is this an accidental alignment? Are they really far behind the arms they seem to be associated with or were they part of the bifurcation process?

The inset in the upper right is Hubble Ultra Deep Field galaxy 3031, which is also a face on spiral, but with only two arms. It is about one sixtieth the angular size of NGC 1073. Both arms in the primordial galaxy are emerging from one end of a bar. The arms are made of distinct separate clumps, like beads in a necklace. A yellow sibling galaxy shines at the end of one arm. The atoms in this primordial galaxy shine at 42% of the frequencies of modern hydrogen. Why does this galaxy only have spiral arms connected to one end of its bar? Did the bars form as the galaxies grew?


The plural heavens (shamayim) declare the glory of God and the spreading place (raqiya) shows His handwork. We see at all ranges a biblical creation and biblical cosmic history. Yet scientists cannot allow that what is visible is real. Their structured way of measuring and mathematicating was built on a single assumption, that all things remain the same (2 Peter 3:3 - 6). Yet we can see that matter continues to change relationally as galaxies grew into huge growth spirals. Elohim will make foolish the wise of this age, the scientists, as He promised. They contrive myths about invisible things to protect their basic creed that the properties of matter are fixed, not emerging. Look at the sky and observe the glory of His creation, exactly as recorded in the Bible.