Mercury's Volcanism

New data from the Messenger space craft show that Mercury’s surface has ten times as much sulfur and phosphorus as the Moon or the Earth. Mercury has a strong magnetic field so it is generally thought to have a large iron core. Messenger discovered that the magnetic field is shifted three hundred miles from the equator. This suggests that the molten core is rotating in a manner different from the surface.

The Messenger pictures suggest the vast plains formed as lava seeped up through cracks and flooded the surface. Tear drop shaped raised islands reveal that the formerly molten sea of lava was flowing, not stationary. Earth also has cracks that ooze lava and form new crust, but they mostly lie along a 70,000 kilometer long volcanic expansion running through every ocean. The volcanic seam on Earth usually follows the contours of the adjacent continental margins - showing that the continents were once together.

Messenger' also photographed bright bluish hollows inside the planet’s craters. Many of the craters do not seem to be impact craters as they have triple concentric walls around them. The Caloris basin contains a spider web of what looks like lava flows that radiate out in all directions. Radial graben (depressed blocks of land bracketed by faults) also surround the spider web. Although scientists tell stories about how Mercury contracted as it cooled, the visible evidence seems to suggest the opposite - surface extension. Earth’s expansion seam also forms new crust in the bottom of our oceans. Earth's expansion seam follows the contours of the adjacent continental margins - showing that the continents were once together. Most of the Earth’s crust is new - formed after the continents were joined when the planet had no major surface seas. On Earth, the continents fit together on a much smaller planet. The same is true of the Moon. If one removes the mare, the highlands fit together on a much smaller globe.

Why do scientists tell stories about the contraction of Mercury - rather than accept what is visible - that the interior of the planet came out and formed expansion features. How do you get the insides of a planet to come out without the center growing? What is visible is a violation of science’s first principle. Science was founded on an elementary assumption that is the basis for most of its definitions, measuring units and mathematical formulas. Scientists are trained to assume that the properties of matter are fixed, not continually emerging. Visible galactic history clearly shows that the properties of matter change relationally. Hundreds of billions of tiny naked galaxies wallpaper the distant sky. At closer ranges we observe how the stars came out, spread out, accelerated out as the galaxies intrinsically grew from the insides outward into huge, local, dusty growth spirals. The atomic clocks and the inertial star streams both seem to accelerate together as billions of individual galaxies grew. Since this is a clear violation of the scientific creed, scientists have contrived a universe that is 99% invisible, populated with invisible matter and vacuum forces. The visible evidence suggests that Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury and the Moon also grew from the insides outward. Perhaps this implied local evidence is the same as what we actually observe happening in billions of galaxies at many ranges (eras). We observe in the distance that the properties of all atoms change relationally. The Bible states three times that earth spreads out in unbroken continuity, that this continuous spreading happens above the waters and that even what issues forth from the earth also spreads.

Credit for Messenger’s photo of the volcanic spider web radiating out in the Caloris basin: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

Irrefutable Evidence

Astronomers used slitless grism modes on Hubble’s WFC3 and Hubble's ACS to study 28 primordial galaxies, allegedly as they existed 10 billion years ago. Using these instruments, they recorded the light from the ancient universe from visible to near infrared during 902 Hubble orbits. Astronomers contend those 28 galaxies already contained very massive black holes. How could cosmic babes have gobbled enough dust to form massive black holes?

What is the evidence for massive black holes anyway, since scientists claim they are invisible? Astronomers observe energetic jets around active galaxies, quasars and even local stars. The pulsed jets do not bend when they first emerge, which is the opposite of what one would expect from intense gravity. The jets increase in volume and in long ones we observe the spectra change from blue to red as they emerge. Astronomers also observe strings of blue specs around the red cores of early galaxies. In addition they find that many small galaxies are packed in clusters around large ellipticals and that the farther the galaxy, the more its spectral frequencies are slower than those from local atoms. There are two ways to explain these observations. (1) Accept what is visible that galactic stars and gases emerged from clumps of primordial matter that continues to change its properties. (2) Propose undetectable black holes, and a host of other imperceptible things, to explain away the visible evidence.
Scientists have clearly chosen the second route. Their cosmic history stories are at best speculative and at worst magical, since no one has observed any of the invisible things scientists populate their universe with. They claim a tiny bit of vacuum exploded and created everything out of nothing. Every galaxy is supposedly surrounded by a massive halo of undetectable matter. They claim the vacuum of space is stretching itself and this pushes the most-distant galaxies away at close to Lightspeed. As the vacuum stretches, it alters the colors of all passing light. Black holes are just another undetectable speculation.

Visible galactic history supports explanation number one, which also confirms the Biblical creation account. According to the Bible, Elohim first created the plural heavens (shamayim) and the Earth. However, the Earth at that stage had no form.  It was tohu bohu. Then Elohim continued to command light to continue to be. It was then that matter began to have extension. Half way through the creation week Elohim continued to form the Sun, Moon and stars and continued to place them in the raqiya (the spreading place).

Here are a few biblical passages that support visible galactic history. Isaiah 45:12 “It is I who made the earth, and created man upon it. I stretched out the heavens with My hands And I ordained all their host.” All the verbs in this verse are perfect, showing that the plural heavens (galaxies) and the stars were stretched into place by actions that were complete. Indeed, the space between galaxy clusters is devoid of matter as though they are rooted in space, not wildly speeding away from a big bang. Isaiah also commands us to look how He continually calls the stars to come out. Isaiah 40:26 “Lift up your eyes on high And see who has created these stars, The One who leads forth their host by number, He calls them all by name; Because of the greatness of His might and the strength of His power, Not one of them is missing.” The calling out of the stars in Hebrew is an action that continues in unbroken continuity. The distant universe is wallpapered with galaxies in all directions. At many closer ranges, we observe blue clumps like beads on a necklace around the redder cores. The clumps spread out, streams of stars following each other out in lanes as galaxies grow into huge, local, growth spirals.
Isaiah 42:5  “Thus says God the LORD, Who created the heavens and stretched them out, Who spread out the earth and its offspring.” The four Hebrew verbs that describe the creation of the plural heavens, stretching them out, stretching out the earth and stretching what issues forth from the earth all refer to actions that continue in unbroken continuity. We observe in countless examples that galaxies intrinsically grew, the stars coming out.  We also observe local evidence that the Earth was once a minuscule planet. The continents fit together on a tiny globe without major seas. A global expansion seam continues to form new basaltic seafloor. The theory of subduction was invented to keep the earth from violating the scientific principle. Yet subduction is clearly denied by the undisturbed, layered sediments in the “subduction zones.”

Both cosmic stories cannot be correct. Either the only history that is visible as it happened is valid or invisible matter and magical forces obfuscate what is visible. How could millions of scientists be wrong? Scientists contrive their cosmic histories using their basic assumption, the historical basis for their definitions, empirical methods and mathematical constants. All scientists base their thinking on the assumption that the properties of matter are fixed, not emerging. Why do the scientific laws seem to work locally? The entire structure was built on the one assumption and all the symbolical forms of reality are adjusted mathematically to fit the basic creed. Yet none of the scientific laws fit visible galactic history.

The Bible states that light reveals the truth and exposes error because all that is visible is light. What is visible supports the biblical principle that the creation is enslaved to change. It also provides a simple causal reason why we observe orbits accelerating outward. We actually see the very things the Biblical God declares are evidences for His power and glory. Indeed those 28 primordial galaxies are evidence that galaxies have continued to grow throughout cosmic history as the stars emerged.

Someone might demand to know how this could fit into the biblical genealogies that only add up to 6,000 years? Look at the universe with sight. We can see with our eyes that the atomic colors and the galactic orbits both changed together in countless galaxies at many ranges. What we observe in the distant sky is what our ancestors recorded - that the planets used to pass close to earth a few thousand years ago. We even find the skulls of our ancestors with huge thick brows as though they lived for geological ages, just like Job mentioned in chapter 14. Someone might ask, what could cause days and years to continue to accelerate. Two principle reasons are evident. (1) the properties of matter are observed to change, change relationally. (2) since the gravitational effect propagates at finite speed, it must accelerate both days and years, orbits and rotations. This is because the delay will cause the trailing side of all planets to experience slightly greater “gravitational attraction” from the Sun than the leading side.

Scientists are building huge new telescopes. What they have observed so far is a biblical cosmic history. Someday, the visible history of the universe will reduce the stories scientists invent to protect their basic assumption to folly. The Bible even warns us not to be wise according to the wisdom of this age because God is taking the wise in with their own skills. The Lord knows that the reasonings of the wise of this age are useless. (1 Corinthians 3:18-20).

Think about it.

Image credit: A. Koekemoer, Space Telescope Science Institute.

Genesis-2

Christian fundamentalists often claim that progressive creation is a false doctrine that attempts to marry evolution with the Bible. Advocates of progressive creation (OEC) are guilty of adjusting the creation account to fit scientific evidence. Unfortunately, Young Earth Creationists (YEC) also unwittingly tailor the creation account to fit the western concept of time. Changing Earth Creationists (CEC) try to interpret the text the way ancient people would have understood it, not with science or scientific notions of time.

Ancient Hebrew had no verb tenses (past, present or future). We think of time as real and linear. They thought of time as unreal (Ecclesiastes 3) and used cyclical time standards (as established in Genesis 1:14). No one during the biblical age drew history on a linear time-line because they also thought that days and years were deteriorating, that the first generations lived in the great time. In English we read that God said let there be light, which implies a short one-time declaration. The Hebrew says Elohim continued to command light to continue to be. If the commands had ended at some point, Moses should have used a perfect - completed action verb. In verse five, Elohim’s naming of light is imperfect, an action that is also repeated. In a similar manner in 2 Corinthians 4:6, God’s command for light to shine out of darkness is an aorist active participle. It is impossible to directly translate the aorist into English because it does not refer to time although the active participle shows an active commanding. The verb to shine, lampo, is aorist active infinitive. Again Paul is indifferent to time while the active infinitive shows that God actively commanded light to be. From the biblical grammar, we do not know if He is still commanding light to continue to be.

OEC or YEC could claim that Genesis 2:1 states: “Thus the heavens and the earth were completed, and all their hosts.” Therefore, God cannot be continuing to create. The word heavens is shamayim (plural) that here refers to many stars. The verb translated “completed” is pual imperfect, which concerns intensive actions that are passive. The imperfect expresses an action, process or condition that is incomplete, continuing or has frequent repetitions. The pual imperfect in this text shows that although God’s intensive yet passive actions during the first week ended, yet they continue. A western person might insist that you cannot be doing what is done, that an activity that is finished has ended. Genesis 2:2 says God ended His work and rested on the seventh day. Yet the verb for “ended” is piel imperfect showing that the intensive things concerning creation ended - yet they also continue. Hebrews 4:3 states that God’s works were finished from the foundations of the cosmos. However the Greek word for finished is an aorist passive-deponent participle. Aorist is timeless and stands apart from any kind of tensed verb. The passive-deponent refers to passive actions and the participle means finishing - not finished. Evidently the finishing of the heavens and earth continues, but without the intensity of the actions God commanded during the first week. Please notice that western grammars and time concepts are not compatible with the literal text of the creation account.

What does it mean that the heavens and earth continues to be finishing? God gave form to the earth when He continued to command light to continue to be. Indeed, atoms clearly are relational and their properties evidently involve light. Atoms are not changeless, since three times the Bible states that the earth stretches out in unbroken continuity. Indeed, Earth’s continents only fit together on a tiny globe without major seas. A volcanic seam continues to form new ocean floors as the earth evidently continues to grow in size. The theory of subduction is visibly false because the “subduction zones” are layered with undisturbed sediments. Why is this form of literalism anathema? Is it because we interpret the Bible with science, instead of grammar?

What about the plural heavens, the shamayim, the galaxies? Are they also continuing to finish? Genesis chapter one states that He created the plural heavens (the galaxies) before he continued to place the Sun, Moon and stars in the spreading place (raqiya). Spreading orbits are by definition accelerating orbits. The concept of linear time is clearly denied by the creation text. The most powerful evidence for a literal (rather than a western) reading of the text is visible galactic history. We actually see creation with telescopes as it happened long ago. The earliest galaxies were naked, shining with atomic spectra in the microwave and far infrared bands. At closer ranges we see strings of blue globs surrounding the redder cores of those ancient galaxies. At many ranges we observe how the stars accelerated out, rotated out, followed each other out in lanes as billions of galaxies grew into huge, dusty, local growth spirals. Not only do the orbits accelerate outward, but the atomic clocks also accelerate. Indeed, the fastest normal temperature atomic clocks are local. Even when we sent two Pioneer spacecraft out of the solar system, their clock signals from yesterday continued to slow with increasing distance, compared to NASA hydrogen maser clocks of the moment.

The fact that the galaxies existed before the stars continued to come out and spread out in countless galaxies is absolute proof for biblical creation. However, this visible evidence does not fit the scientific assumption so it cannot be made to fit YEC or OEC interpretations of creation. Why is it so difficult for western people to accept the literal text literally? We have a powerful concept of time that is radically different from the way of thinking during Moses day. Where did western people get their ideas about time? A medieval monk interpreted the writings of a pagan philosopher as “the essence of substance is changeless.” It was upon the notion that matter is not changing as it ages that western science got its definitions, measuring system and mathematical laws. The Bible, however, predicted science. In the last days, Peter wrote, mockers will come saying all things remain the same. The mockers will use this idea to obfuscate the age of the plural heavens (oranoi esan ekpalai). Only a simple, literal interpretation of creation is supported by the most powerful evidence of all, visible cosmic history. How great will be the glory of God when He makes foolish the wise of this age.

The photos are from the Hubble Ultra Deep field and show ancient tadpole galaxies as they begin to eject their starry arms. Notice that the core of the galaxy is redder than the blue star globs  that follow each other like drips emerging from a faucet.

Radioactivity

Is radioactivity relational change? Several experiments have compared the decay rates of two radioactive substances and claimed that minor variations seem to correlate with the Sun - Earth distance. Over a period of three years, two experiments that were running concurrently on opposite sides of the earth using different radioactive substances, found a correspondence between these tiny seasonal variations.

Discounting the unknown causes of radioactive decay, the phenomena is differential not relational. Differential means a condition of being unlike or dissimilar, which is measurable. Relational changes are not measurable, although they are observable, because they are gradual parallel changes. Scientifically, differential changes are modeled with mathematics, relative to something that supposedly does not change or perhaps varies in an independent manner. It is no accident that most differential equations presume that time is an independent variable that runs at a fixed rate. Where did scientists get their idea that something is not changing?

Aquinas was the meta-physician for the western system who laid the foundational principle for modern science. He followed Aristotle’s categories, claiming everything can change even outside its category. Here is a MODERN ANALOGY to illustrate Aquinas’ fundamental assumption.

Water can freeze and change state. It can be white as snow or invisible as a vapor. Boil some black walnuts in water and you can make a permanent dye for a Franciscan's robe. Put a piece of iron in water and it will rust and the rust has neither the properties of water nor iron. We can break water down into its parts by electrolysis, hydrogen and oxygen. A spark can ignite the mixture and it returns to water. A watery comet that falls into the Sun is violently destroyed in a way that could not be reconstituted. Aquinas defined substance as changeable, and can even be destroyed. Aquinas’ concept of a substance is something whose essence (its being) is not BECOMING or changing itself; what IT IS does NOT gradually BECOME what IT IS NOT.

That assumption allowed Newton and others to define undetectable things like mass, energy, time and invent mathematical laws. Science’s fundamental definitions, empirical methods and complex mathematics were built on the assumption that matter is NOT BECOMING, gradually changing its BEING, ITS ESSENCE. Relational changes cannot be related to an independent variable. The elements of something that changes relationally cannot be precisely defined or measured because every aspect of the relation is changing together. Relational changes are visible because we can directly compare the properties of ancient matter with modern atoms using telescopes.
All living things change relationally. Plants and animals feed, grow, reproduce, interact in complex ways with other species and age as highly intertwined relationships. For example, a caterpillar metamorphoses into a butterfly. The metamorphosis consists of countless parallel processes that act concurrently and also follow a sequence. A scientist might insist that DNA is the master controller that essentially remains the same. However, the enzyme that dissolves every cell in the caterpillar's body also suppresses some of the DNA. The caterpillar BECOMES a butterfly with an exterior skeleton. When the butterfly lays its eggs, they BECOME caterpillars. Parallel changes are the heart and soul of relational changes.

Relativity is not relational. Einstein originally called his special relativity a theory of invariance because it is based on the notion of changelessness. Although every aspect of a substance can change in a relative way, Einstein assumed that when things return to their “normal” state, nothing fundamentally has changed. Einstein, like Newton, assumed what Aquinas defined, that the essence of substance is changeless - that matter is not gradually BECOMING what it is not.

The biblical principle that controls the universe is the antithesis of Aquinas’ principle. The Bible plainly states that the creation is enslaved to change (Romans 8:19 - 22). The Apostle Paul used two Greek together verbs and two orderly submission verbs to illustrate what he meant by this. Things that change together in an orderly manner - change relationally. Peter even states that gold is presently and continually corrupting itself. The most powerful evidence for a biblical cosmic history is that WE SEE that the earliest galaxies were naked, without starry appendages. We observe the stars coming out, accelerating out, spreading out into huge growth spirals as the atomic clocks, the space matter takes up and its inertial properties all change together. What is visible is the very things the Biblical God says He created and what He continues to do. He calls the stars to come out. He spreads out the plural heavens (each and every galaxy) like a tent in unbroken continuity. What we see in the universe is relational changes, the very things scientists are trained to disregard. What scientists measure is not relational but differential. They measure things with an unsupported idea, that the essence of substance is changeless. The scientific universe is almost entirely invisible and filled with magical things - to protect their first principle that the properties of matter are not emerging.

How great will be the triumph of the word of God over science, the system that was founded on the very idea that Bible predicted for the mockers of the last days (2 Peter 3:3- 6). Scientists are doing what the Bible predicted. They obfuscate the plural heavens (galactic history), with their notion that all things remain the same, that the properties of matter are fixed, not emerging. Only the simplicity of biblical physics can accept the only history that we see exactly as it happened, galactic history. Look and be astonished at the wisdom of the Creator who will make foolish the wise of this age.

The image is of a glowing pellet of plutonium-238 dioxide used in spacecraft thermoelectric generators. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain. Specifically, this image comes from Los Alamos National Laboratory, which requires the following text be used when crediting images to it. Unless otherwise indicated, this information has been authored by an employee or employees of the University of California, operator of the Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-36 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has rights to use, reproduce, and distribute this information. The public may copy and use this information without charge, provided that this Notice and any statement of authorship are reproduced on all copies. Neither the Government nor the University makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the use of this information.

Reality versus Shadows

Plato told the allegory of the cave to explain how people are blinded by their abstract concepts. He imagined that people untrained in his concept of forms are like prisoners chained in a cave. They never see the real world, only the shadows of objects projected on the cave wall. Then a prisoner ascends to the upper world and sees the world of sunlight and colors. The light pains his eyes, but eventually he realizes that the Sun, Moon and stars are the real reality. The freedman returns to the cave to explain reality to his former prison mates. They refuse to ascend to the light, preferring the comfortable world of shadow reality.

Like Plato’s disciples, modern scientists are trained to think with a philosophical assumption. The modern first principle is that matter is not changing relationally, changing as it ages. Students learn to think, measure and matheamticate with operationally defined things: mass, energy, time, constants and laws. The entire structure of scientific reasoning depends on the presumption that atoms are immutable and dither with perpetual motion. Then one day, someone tries to release you from your bonds and show you the real universe where every galaxy shines with different spectral colors from modern matter. The evidence from the light of billions of galaxies pains your mind. You are so used to the symbolical world of mathematical reality that you resist the only history that is visible as it happened, galactic history.

Jesus said the truth will make you free. According to the Bible, knowledge is available to all in the raqiya (the spreading place) and the shamayim (the plural heavens). The light of perhaps a trillion ancient galaxies reveals the visible history of the cosmos. What is visible fits the words of the Bible like a glove. We observe that God created the plural heavens (the galaxies) first. The earliest galaxies are often naked, without starry appendages. We observe at closer ranges little blue beads, like links on a chain, around the redder primordial cores. We observe at many ranges how those beads spread out, took up more volume, accelerated out growing into huge dusty growth spirals. Matter always changes its volumetric, gravitational and quantum properties together throughout cosmic history. Things that change together change relationally.

Those highly trained in the shadow world of mathematical reality resist the light of the galaxies. They have constructed a mathematical universe that is almost totally invisible to prevent what is visible from being true. The real world of light is the antithesis of every scientific attempt to obfuscate galactic history with invisible matter, holes in space, vacuum forces that stretch light and push galaxies to near light-speed.

Anyone who is not mesmerized by the shadowy world of mathematical reality can see the real world of galaxies since telescope vistas are freely available on the Internet. The freedman can accept visible reality, that the earliest galaxies were naked and that every one of them shone at tiny fractions of the light frequencies of modern atoms. Only biblical physics and biblical cosmic history fits the world of real reality. The Bible even predicts science. In the last days, Peter wrote, mockers will obfuscate the ouranoi (the plural heavens) with their idea that all things remain the same. The Bible commands you to look at the plural heavens. He is the one who continues to call the stars to come out. He is the one who placed the Sun, Moon and stars in the raqiya - the spreading place. The real light from the real universe can free you from the shadow world of philosophical reasoning. Leave the world of shadows and accept visible things as real.


The picture of cave shadows is from the author and is released under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial license. 

SN2011fe and Biblical Cosmic History

M-101 is a face-on grand design spiral known as the Pinwheel galaxy. A grand design has two principle spiral arms that spread out in a logarithmic manner. Logarithmic spirals are common in nature, such as in growing sheep horns. They are always associated with incremental changes. Because the Pinwheel faces us, we see 3,000 clumps of molecular hydrogen along the arms and that the spiral lanes bifurcate, split as they distance themselves from the core.

Nugent, from the Palomar Transient Factory, spotted a supernova (SN2011fe) on August 24, 2011 near one of M101's bifurcation points. The images from the previous night did not show the supernova. SN2011fe’s spectrum contains helium, carbon and oxygen, which is why astronomers designate it as Type 1a. The William Herschel telescope at La Palma determined SN2011fe’s position within 16 milli arc seconds. Comparing this with previous images taken with Hubble’s ACS, WFPC2 and WFC3 cameras found no progenitor star at the supernova location. Two red stars show up in the field, but astronomers consider them as angularly too distant to be progenitor stars. The inability to detect a progenitor star is important because astronomers base a lot of their cosmology on Type 1a theories.

Astronomers theorize that type 1a supernovas originate in white dwarfs that are companions to normal stars. Supposedly out-gassing from the companion gravitates onto the surface of the white dwarf. When the dwarf accumulates 1.4 times the amount of matter in our Sun, it explodes like a hydrogen bomb, annihilating itself. Since all type 1a supernovas allegedly annihilate at the same accretion point, astronomers use them as standard candles for measuring the universe. In fact, they claim that the universe is 73% dark energy, an undetectable vacuum force, because distant type 1A explosions are dimmer than theories predict.

The Bible contains statements about cosmic beginning and history that are remarkably different from scientific accounts. The Bible states that the plural heavens (the galaxies) were created before the Sun, Moon and stars were formed. In Hebrew, Elohim continued to form the Sun, Moon and stars and continued to place them in the spreading place (raqiya). This scenario is easily verified, since the only history that is visible as it happened is the galactic continuum. We observe that many early galaxies were naked, compact and their light shone at tiny fractions of the light frequencies of modern atoms. We observe at closer ranges how little blueish beads surround the red cores in equally spaced chains. At many ranges, we observe how the spiral galaxies grew from the insides outward as the space matter takes up, its inertial and quantum properties changed together. According to Isaiah, the Lord has names for each star as He calls them to come out in unbroken continuity. Isaiah explains that no star goes missing. In a universe that follows biblical principles, supernovas do not annihilate stars.

Using biblical principles, rather than scientific ones, can we figure out what causes a type 1A supernova? The Bible mentions that the Earth had no form, it was not extended in space, until God commanded light to continue to be. (Hebrew did not have a past tense so the text only mentions the continuing nature of most creation events.) All over the universe we observe point sources shooting out jets of matter that spread out and change their spectral properties as they propagate outward. Some jets are local, within our galaxy. Others are much bigger than a galaxy, as the jet spreads out, taking up more space as it emerges. Evidently tohu bohu matter has very low gravitational properties, since the emerging jet does not bend at first. Perhaps type 1A supernova are the violent energizing of formless matter as God continues to command light to continue to be. Does tohu bohu matter only take form violently? Apparently not, since the Bible states three times that the Earth spreads out in unbroken continuity. Indeed, the continents only fit together on a tiny globe and young sea floor keep on oozing out of a global underseas expansion seam.

Whatever causes Type 1A supernova, it is certainly not the annihilation of an invisible star. Scientific cosmic history depends heavily on undetectable things. Their universe is 99% undetectable, made of magical things like invisible black holes, expanding vacuums, vacuums that spread light, vacuums that push galaxies, vacuums that accelerate their expansion by pulling dark energy out of the vacuum and even incredible amounts of invisible matter. All of the invisible things were contrived to protect the basic creed of science - that the properties of matter are fixed, not emerging. The Bible predicts the scientific way of thinking - that in the last days mockers will obscure the plural heavens (ouranoi) with their idea that all things remain the same. How great will be the glory of God when He makes foolish the wise of this age, scientists. Look at the universe with sight, rather than mathematical dogmas and you will see how great will be the triumph of the Bible over western science.
 
Yellow lines point to SN2011fe in this picture of M101. Credit for the photo is to Conrad Jung, Chabot Space and Science Center.

Two Different Kinds of Science

There are two possible usages for the word science. Science can refer to practical, non-causal knowledge based on simple correlations and observations. For example, when the autumnal Sun sets exactly in the west - we observe that summer is over and winter is about to set in.

Science can also be a complex, causal system that requires much study to force nature to conform to a fundamental assumption. There are two elementary principles upon which a complex version of science may be constructed.

1. All matter (everything) changes itself, changes relationally. This assumption does not require one to build a structured science as it fits in nicely with practical, non causal knowledge. 
2.  Fundamentally, matter does not normally change itself (change relationally - parallel change).

1A. Using assumption number one, the ancients saw changes in the very places modern people claim to see constants. They claimed the planets gradually distanced themselves and had formerly been involved in catastrophes that affected Earth. They did not believe in linear days and years, since their histories recorded that the earliest generations lived for eons. They did measure things, but their measurements were defined using change rather than immutability. They measured the changing position of the Sun, Moon and planets by referencing them to the changing background stars. The Babylonians measured time along the ecliptic with angles, but daylight summer watches took bigger angles than winter watches. Those who tried to build a structured form of science on this foundational assumption were the scientist-priests of that era. They often looked for omens from the planet gods and tried to control the worst changes with sacrifices. They told myths about planet god wars and romances - that these influenced human wars and harvests.

2A. The first person we know of who claimed that something about everything is not changing was Aristotle, a pagan philosopher. During the medieval age, Aristotle’s idea was simplified to the essence of substance is changeless. Upon that basic assumption, western scientists contrived their operationally defined fundamentals (measuring units and mathematical constants). The modern priests of science often tell absurd myths. They reject the genealogies of the ancients and invent a universe 99% invisible, crammed full of mythical things, to protect their basic creed that atoms are immutable. Yet ancient galaxies, which we see as they existed long ago, clocked tiny fractions of the frequencies of modern atoms.

Those who penned the Bible followed simple versions of science. They  monitored the pulse of nature, when to plant and harvest according to the observed cycles. The Bible clearly agrees with principle number 1, since it states that the whole creation is enslaved to change. For the last few hundred years, scientifically minded Christians (those trained to think with assumption number 2) have tailored the Bible to fit their structured way of thinking, measuring and mathematicating. Are scientifically minded Christians understanding cosmic history correctly?

The Bible states that there is one place where knowledge is available day and night without words. We see the shamayim (plural heavens - galactic history) exactly as it happened. The Bible states that God created the plural heavens (the galaxies) first before the stars were formed. It states that the Sun, Moon and stars were placed in the raqiya - the spreading place half way through the creation week. We observe how ancient galaxies were tiny and naked, without starry appendages. We observe little bluish beads surround the redder cores of many early galaxies. We observe at many ranges how the stars came out, took up more space, accelerated out as billions of galaxies grew into huge, local, dusty growth spirals.

Why is it so hard for those who are scientifically minded to accept the visible history of the galaxies? The Bible warns us that the elementary ideas of the philosophers will take us prisoner (Col 2:8). What idea did we get from the pagan philosophers? The Bible predicted modern structured science. Peter stated that mockers will come saying all things remain the same. They will obfuscate the history of the plural heavens (Greek ouranoi) and Earth’s watery history with their idea that all things remain the same. We see the simple, visible evidence that the newer seas spread apart the continents that only fit together on a tiny planet. The Bible states three times that the earth spreads out in unbroken continuity. We see with sight that the space matter takes up, its inertial properties and its atomic clock frequencies all keep increasing (changing relationally) throughout cosmic history. He commands us to look at the plural heavens (Isaiah 40:26). He continues to call the stars to come out, each one by name, as none go missing. We see in the distant heavens a biblical cosmic history. We cannot see a shred of visible evidence for immutable atoms, invisible matter, vacuum forces - the myths scientists invent to protect their basic creed. Since we see a biblical cosmic history, we can be sure that God will make foolish the wisdom of this age (science) just like He promised.


The picture is of a rock calendar engraved by the Anasazi in Chaco Canyon.  The light from the Sun and Moon shines at certain times past leaning stone slabs producing a shaft of light on the spiral structure. The light reveals the cyclical seasons, the equinoxes and solstices.

Herbig Haro 34 and First Principles

A Herbig Haro is a star that jets out long, pulsed streams of gas. They are common in dusty nebulae all over the Milky Way. The Hubble space telescope took a series of pictures of HH34 over a period of 14 years. Click on the above picture to observe the motion of the jet emerging from the star.

• 1. The star has two jets emerging 180 degrees from each other.

• 2. Each jet evidently moves outward at hundreds of thousands of kilometers per hour.

• 3. Each jet has a bow shock where it interacts with slower gas that surrounds the star.

• 4. An older, partially dissipated bow of the left jet lies beyond the dusty nebula.

• 5. The jets have knots showing that the star periodically ejects another link in the chain.

• 6. The knots from the left jet are approximately symmetrical with those in the right jet.

• 7. Astronomers noticed a 4 ½ year delay between similar left and right ejections.

According to astronomers, a Herbig Haro is a proto star, a young star condensing from the dust of the nebula. If it is condensing, why is it actively ejecting streams of matter? The answer has to do with a first principle, not visible evidence.

A first principle is an assumption so elementary that it cannot be deduced from a simpler supposition or arrived at by observations. The Greek philosophers sought for a first principle for a natural science more then 2500 years ago. The problem they struggled with was that if matter is changing itself, a valid science is impossible. Each philosophy schools proposed a first principle as the foundation for science. However, there was no agreement about which first principle was valid, so there were several versions of science in the classical age. More than fifteen hundred years later the medieval Catholics chose Aristotle’s idea as the basis for western science. They simplified it to: the essence of substance is changeless. Upon this one elementary assumption, that matter is not changing itself, scientists constructed their fundamental definitions, measuring units and mathematical formulas.


How can you discern if your view of the world is controlled by the elementary assumption that matter is not changing itself? Is it unthinkable for you to consider matter changing relationally as it ages? Is it unthinkable even when we can directly compare the past with the present at many ranges (eras)? With telescopes we can see the only history that is visible as it happened, galactic history. Not a single one of billions of ancient galaxies clocked the frequencies of modern atoms. Indeed, the farther away the galaxy, the slower its atomic clocks ticked. We also observe that stars accelerated out from tiny naked globs, taking up more space as countless galaxies intrinsically grew into huge growth spirals. We see pulsed jets all over the universe from quasars, active galaxies and local Herbig Haro stars. What is visible certainly does not support the notion that atoms are immutable and dither with perpetual motion.

It is unthinkable for a scientist to consider the visible evidence that matter keeps on changing as it ages. This is precisely why scientists construct an invisible universe out of phantasmal things like invisible matter and vacuums that stretch themselves as they magically change the frequencies of all light. Are scientists unable to think that what they see is valid? Disciples of a first principle have their minds firmly shacked to one idea, their first principle. It is unthinkable for them to consider that the creation is enslaved to change, as the Bible states.

Yet what we see in the universe is precisely what the Bible states in the original languages. First Elohim created (completed action) the plural heavens and the earth. Evidently He formed the galaxies first. Yet at that stage the earth was without form until Elohim continued to command light to continue to be. It was then that matter began to take up space as a relation with light. Latter He formed the Sun, Moon and stars from the primordial tohu bohu matter He formed on day one. He continues to place the Sun, Moon and stars in the raqiya, the spreading place, in the plural heavens (shamayim). At many ranges we observe tohu bohu matter taking form as matter expands and the stars spread out continually from countless galactic cores and even from local Herbig Haro stars.

The Bible plainly states three times that the Earth spreads out in unbroken continuity. Indeed, the continents only fit together on a tiny globe without major seas. It plainly states that God continues to call the stars to come out, and none go missing. He spreads out the plural heavens (shamayim) in unbroken continuity. In the raqiya (the spreading place), the shamayim (the plural heavens) knowledge of His glory is available to all. Is it unthinkable for you to accept the literal words of the Bible, which we confirm with the visible history of the universe? The Bible even predicted that the elementary ideas of philosophy would make us prisoners of war (Galatians 2:8). The Creator commands us in the imperative to look at the plural heavens (shamayim). Look at the galaxies and you will see how utterly and completely He will make foolish science, the wisdom of this age.

The images of one of the jets from HH34 is from NASA, ESA and the Hubble space telescope and was animated as a gif by the author.

Part 4; Gravitation and Time

Last year, Dr. Erik Verlinde shocked the physics community by claiming that gravity is emergent; it does not actually exist. Verlinde asserts that gravitational motions arise from entropy differences at the microscopic level. (An increase in disorder and randomness is an increase in entropy). One fact supports Verlinde. No one has ever detected time, mass, energy or gravity. They are defined with assumptions and are never found as isolated entities.  Emergent properties have no actual existence but emerge from the interplay of subatomic phenomena that are mysterious and unknowable. If the fundamentals of physics are non fundamental, emerging from quantum quagmires, what causes orderly, clock-like orbits? Are clocks really linear?

The only way to test the linearity of clocks is to compare modern clocks and orbits with distant, former ones. NASA monitored the radio frequencies from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft as they exited the solar system in opposite directions. Dr. John Anderson, from JPL, noticed that as the Pioneer’s got farther from Earth, their radio signals (derived from on board clocks) clocked lower frequencies than expected. Anderson noticed similar distance related frequency shifts from the Ulysses and Galileo spacecraft. One possibility is that all clocks (including NASA’s hydrogen maser clocks) accelerated by 1.5 Hz during 7.5 years of Pioneer tracking. The decline in the observed frequencies with increasing distance was close to the Hubble constant, H0, times the speed of light (velocity of radio signals). Scientists claim that the vacuum of space is expanding at a rate expressed by H0. Allegedly, ancient atomic clocks are observed to clock lower frequencies because their spectra was stretched by the expansion of space. The clock signals from nearby spaceships slowing with increasing distance at approximately the same rate as the spectra from distant galaxies suggests that all clocks are accelerating. Yet the Pioneer anomaly does not seem to affect clock-like planet orbits.

Why are planet orbits clock-like? The only history that is visible as it happened is galactic history. Astronomers classify galaxies according to their shapes. We observe that many ancient galaxies were naked, without starry appendages. At closer ranges we observe bluish globs, like beads on a necklace, surrounding the redder cores. Evidently as the stars accelerated out from primordial cores, their atoms increased their spectral frequencies. At many closer ranges we observe that the globs continued to accelerate out, rotating out, spreading out, forming the dusty continuous arms of innumerable, local, growth spirals.

What causes the gravitational phenomena? The accelerating orbits cannot be explained by linear clocks and fixed gravity theories. What we observe suggests that the gravitational phenomena emerges (changes) as the properties of matter also change. Both Newton and Einstein imagined that matter does perpetually unchanging work on distant objects without any changes in the matter itself.

An elephant, today, seems the largest land animal possible. Yet we find the bones of massive dinosaurs that should weigh a hundred tons if they were alive today. Could ancient dinosaurs run because ancient atoms produced a smaller gravitation effect than modern ones? Could the Egyptians build huge pyramids with limestone blocks that weighed less than they do today? A scientists might claim, we measure gravity and it does not change. It is impossible to measure anything except ratios, without relying totally on the assumption that the properties of matter are fixed. Why then did the Babylonians find that Jupiter’s rose before dawn in the east every 399 earth days, which we also observe? How could the Babylonians know that Jupiter cycled through the entire ecliptic in 4332 days - as we also do? All we can measure is ratios. We never actually measure any time. When everything changes together, relationally, the ratios stay about the same even as the orbits (years) and rotations (days) both continue to accelerate.

A scientists might insist that we measure with great precision linear seconds. No! Scientists invented definitions, measuring units and clock-based mathematics with their historical first principle that the essence of substance is changeless. If the properties of matter are emerging and the gravitational effects result from changing matter, then clocks and orbits would both change together. Mathematically the orbits would seem clock-like - yet optically the parallax to the sun would continue to decrease. Since the early Greeks, astronomers have continued to record a decreasing optical parallax to the Sun. Even in the 21st century the optical distance to the sun during the 2004 Venus transit and the 2003 Mars opposition - both showed a solar system considerably bigger than the clock based radar values from forty years ago. Optically our solar system keeps on expanding. Optically, we observe how countless galaxies grew from the insides outward in violation of perpetual motion theories of gravity. Evidently the gravitational phenomena continues to change, emerging, as atoms continue to change relationally.

Biblical cosmic history is confirmed in the simple evidence that matter keeps on changing its properties as the stars continued to come out from the cores of countless galaxies.

The picture is a composite of quasar 3C 273 from NASA’s Hubble, Chandra X-ray and Spitzer infrared telescopes. X-rays are shown in blue and infrared with red. The quasar is the bright glob at the top left that shines at 86 % of the frequencies of modern atoms. Notice that the pulsed jet does not bend as it emerges, as though the core had minimum gravitational effects on the jet. The atoms in the jet also keep changing spectral colors as they emerge.