Clumpy Galaxies

Because the speed of light is slow (relative to cosmic distances) and the space between galaxy clusters is transparent to light, we observe (at many ranges) cosmic history as it happened. Comparing the shapes of galaxies at different ranges and localities (such as within clusters) reveals how the universe changed from its early, distant state to it’s local form. Galaxies, like everything else, appear smaller and dimmer the farther they are. The youngest galaxies are also dim because they shine mostly in far infrared and microwave. The most distant spectra, so far resolved, shines at 10% of the light frequencies of modern atoms.

The Hubble Space Telescope found 10,000 galaxies by staring at a nine square-minute patch of dark sky in 2004. Most of the galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field are smaller than one arc second and the largest are only a few arc seconds across. Many of those ancient galaxies contain multicolor lumps. In some cases the lumps are strung out in a row, like a string of tracer bullets, called chain galaxies. Some galaxies have two clumps, known as doubles. Some galaxies have a lump with a single tail, known as tadpoles, but the tails also are lumpy.  Other galaxies have multiple lumpy tails arching around different colored cores. Many ancient galaxies have no exact counterpart in the local universe.

The photos of ancient galaxies comes from NASA's Hubble Deep Field North and Ultra Deep Field.
Top Row - Primordial chain galaxies:
   Left: Three galaxies in an equally-spaced chain.  HDFN 215
   2nd from left: Equally spaced primordial chain galaxies. HDFN 909
   Center: The middle galaxy in each chain is redder than it adjacent neighbors. HUDF 1242
   2nd from Right: Blue stream of star clusters from a white galaxy. HDFN 602 & 594
   Right: Early two-armed spiral galaxy.  HDFN 472.

Second Row - Primordial spiral galaxies:
   Left: Two arms of equally spaced beads arching around a reddish center. HUDF 1874
   2nd from left: One-armed tadpole galaxy with blue bead tail.  HUDF 3844
   2nd from right: Galaxy with reddish center and multiple globular arms.  HUDF 9759
   Right: Two-armed spiral with equally spaced beads and yellow sibling.  HUDF 3031

Third Row - Spirals with clumpy arms:
   Left: Two armed spiral with clumps.  Lower arm ends in a dwarf galaxy.  HUDF 3180
   2nd Center: Bright clumps visible in the dusty arms of an early spiral.  HUDF 9868
   Right: A galaxy with an arc of blue beads.  HUDF 785

Bottom row - clumpy arms with dusty lanes:
   Left: White core containing distinct beads.  Early spiral arm at top and bottom.  HUDF 8810
   Center: Top arm has distinct beads like a pearl necklace. HDFN 225
   Right: Clumpy arms rotating out from the center.  HDFN 3

Local galaxies also have clumpy appearances, especially when viewed in infrared. However, dust and gas fills the lanes between the clumps so that the arms look continuous from a distance. Clearly there is a historical connection between the ancient distinct clumps lined up in lanes and the spread out dust-connected rotated-out clumps we see locally.  Our own Milky Way also has tiny companion galaxies linked back to us by a river of neutral hydrogen (evidence for ejections). We even find thin continuous star filaments arching many degrees outward in the Milky Way. Evidently the Milky Way has intrinsically grown into a huge growth spiral as it spread out and took up more space.
Visible galactic history supports biblical creation. Elohim created the galaxies (shamayim - plural heavens) and the Earth before he formed the stars. At first the Earth was minuscule, had no form, until Elohim continued to command light to continue to be. Indeed, we observe that matter involves a relation with light (both internal and external) that is related to the space atoms take up. Half way through the creation week He continued to form the Sun, Moon and stars and place them in the spreading place (raqiya). Evidently He formed the stars from the tohu bohu (formless) substances created first and matter continues to spread out as a relation with light. Three times the Bible states that the Earth spreads out in unbroken continuity. Indeed, a global expansion seam continues year by year to form new basaltic earth-crust in the oceans. The continents only fit together on a tiny globe without major seas. The theory of subduction is a scientific myth, since soft, layered, undisturbed sediments lie in the “subduction trenches.”

Someone might wonder, how could the stars be only six thousand years old? We can see that ancient atomic clocks shone at tiny fractions of the light frequencies of modern atoms. We also observe how the star streams accelerated out, rotated out, taking up more volume as billions of galaxies grew into huge, local, dusty, growth spirals. The clocks and the orbits are evidently both accelerating together because the properties of all matter continue to visibly change. Over the centuries our ancestors measured with angles a decreasing solar parallax as though the entire solar is expanding. Not a single constant is visible in the vast universe because atoms and orbits are observed to change relationally throughout cosmic history.

Scientists cannot allow what is visible to be true. This is because their definitions, measuring units, mathematical constants and methods depend on a single assumption. What assumption? The Bible predicts that in the last days mockers will come saying all things remain the same. They will obscure the age of the plural heavens (galaxies) with this idea, according to 2 Peter 3:3 - 6. Peter used the compound word ekpalai to describe the age of the plural heavens (the galaxies). In Greek ek means the origin from which actions or motions proceeded. The stars are ekpalai: they came out a great while ago. The word palai is related to palin - to renew or to repeat an action, which is related to pale: to vibrate or struggle. Another root word is ballo: to scatter, to throw a thing without caring where. Scientists obfuscate the visible fact that ancient atoms dithered at much lower frequencies and the stars came out from naked cores as the properties of matter continued to change relationally. They do so because they are trained to think with the historical first principle of science. http://knol.google.com/k/what-is-the-first-principle-of-modern-physics#

Isaiah 44:22 God actively spreads out the plural heavens and the Earth in unbroken continuity. He continues to call the stars to come out (Isaiah 40:26). His glory is revealed in the plural heavens (the galaxies - Psalm 19).  Look at galactic history and you will see how great will be the triumph of the Word of God over science, the system that was founded on the very idea the Bible predicts for the last days.

The photos of ancient galaxies was assembled by the author and is in the public domain because it originated from NASA.